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Mapping axonal density and average diameter using non-monotonic time-dependent gradient-echo MRI.

Daniel Nunes1, Tomás L Cruz1, Sune N Jespersen2

  • 1Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasilia 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|March 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that simple multi-gradient-echo (MGE) MRI can map white matter (WM) microstructure, like axon density, in the central nervous system (CNS). This technique offers a faster, more accessible alternative to current methods for assessing neurological conditions.

Keywords:
Axon densityAxon diameterGradient echoMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Multi-gradient echoSusceptibilityT2(∗)Ultrahigh field MRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • White Matter (WM) microstructure is vital for Central Nervous System (CNS) function, with disruptions linked to neurological deficits.
  • Current diffusion MRI methods for mapping WM microstructure often require specialized equipment or lengthy scans.
  • Noninvasive mapping of WM microstructural features is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring neurological pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of simple, time-efficient multi-gradient-echo (MGE) MRI for mapping white matter microstructure.
  • To extract quantitative information about axon density and average diameter using MGE signals.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of MGE-based WM microstructure mapping in ex-vivo tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling and simulations to predict signal decay in multi-compartmental microstructures.
  • Application of multi-gradient-echo (MGE) MRI sequences to ex-vivo rat spinal cords.
  • Comparison of MGE-derived quantitative results with ground-truth histology using Bland-Altman analysis.
  • Utilizing a general linear model to predict average axonal diameters from MGE parameters.

Main Results:

  • A non-monotonic, susceptibility-driven signal decay was theoretically predicted and observed for multi-compartmental microstructures.
  • Axon density was successfully extracted from MGE data for axons parallel to the magnetic field.
  • MGE-derived maps effectively contrasted different white matter tracts in rat spinal cords.
  • Quantitative results showed a correlation with the axonal fraction, and average axonal diameters were predicted and mapped.

Conclusions:

  • Simple and time-efficient MGE MRI can extract salient white matter microstructural features, including axon density and average diameter.
  • This approach offers a promising, accessible alternative for estimating white matter microstructure compared to existing diffusion MRI methods.
  • Further modeling and theoretical development are needed, but MGE MRI shows potential for in vivo microstructure estimation.