Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Conjugation01:19

Mechanism of Conjugation

1.3K
Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
1.3K
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

9.9K
Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
9.9K
Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

1.1K
Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
1.1K
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

1.1K
Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
1.1K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.5K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.5K
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

5.4K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
5.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The transcription factor Eomes drives a stemness program in CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells that promotes anti-tumor immunity in response to immunotherapy.

Immunity·2026
Same author

Upcycling of By-Products from Autochthonous Red Grapes and Commercial Apples as Ingredients in Baked Goods: A Comprehensive Study from Processing to Consumer Consumption.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Personalized and precise functional assessment of innovative flatbreads toward the colon microbiota of people with metabolic syndrome: Results from an in vitro simulation.

Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)·2025
Same author

Nedd4-2-dependent regulation of astrocytic Kir4.1 and Connexin43 controls neuronal network activity.

The Journal of cell biology·2023
Same author

SUMO-activated target traps (SATTs) enable the identification of a comprehensive E3-specific SUMO proteome.

Science advances·2023
Same author

Extracts from <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Protect Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity
09:45

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Published on: January 29, 2018

9.8K

SUMO conjugation - a mechanistic view.

Andrea Pichler1, Chronis Fatouros2, Heekyoung Lee2

  • 1Department of Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.

Biomolecular Concepts
|March 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) conjugation regulates protein fate through a dynamic process involving E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. This review explores SUMOylation mechanisms and how specificity is achieved with limited enzymes for numerous substrates.

More Related Videos

Protein Purification Technique that Allows Detection of Sumoylation and Ubiquitination of Budding Yeast Kinetochore Proteins Ndc10 and Ndc80
12:28

Protein Purification Technique that Allows Detection of Sumoylation and Ubiquitination of Budding Yeast Kinetochore Proteins Ndc10 and Ndc80

Published on: May 3, 2015

12.7K
In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells
09:40

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Published on: November 2, 2017

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 6, 2026

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity
09:45

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Published on: January 29, 2018

9.8K
Protein Purification Technique that Allows Detection of Sumoylation and Ubiquitination of Budding Yeast Kinetochore Proteins Ndc10 and Ndc80
12:28

Protein Purification Technique that Allows Detection of Sumoylation and Ubiquitination of Budding Yeast Kinetochore Proteins Ndc10 and Ndc80

Published on: May 3, 2015

12.7K
In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells
09:40

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Published on: November 2, 2017

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein modification by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is vital for cellular pathways.
  • Sumoylation is a dynamic process regulated by opposing conjugation and deconjugation activities.
  • SUMO conjugation requires a hierarchy of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes, while deconjugation is mediated by SUMO-specific proteases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare the mechanistic principles of SUMO conjugation to substrates.
  • To examine the interplay between E1, E2, and E3 enzymes in the sumoylation process.
  • To discuss how substrate specificity is achieved despite a limited number of conjugating enzymes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on SUMOylation.
  • Comparative analysis of SUMO conjugation and deconjugation mechanisms.
  • Exploration of enzyme interactions and specificity determinants.

Main Results:

  • Detailed comparison of SUMO conjugation mechanisms.
  • Elucidation of the hierarchical roles of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes.
  • Discussion on strategies for achieving specificity in sumoylation.

Conclusions:

  • SUMOylation is a critical, dynamic regulatory mechanism in cellular processes.
  • Understanding the interplay of SUMO-conjugating enzymes is key to comprehending substrate specificity.
  • This review provides insights into the complex regulation of protein fate via sumoylation.