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Does antifouling paint select for antibiotic resistance?

Carl-Fredrik Flach1, Chandan Pal1, Carl Johan Svensson1

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

The Science of the Total Environment
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Summary

Heavy metal antifouling paints select for antibiotic-resistant bacteria by enriching cross-resistance genes. While mobile antibiotic resistance genes were not enriched, increased DNA mobilization genes suggest future transfer risks.

Keywords:
Antibiotic resistanceIntegronMarine bacteriaMetagenomicsMetal resistanceRND efflux pump

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Molecular ecology

Background:

  • Antifouling paints contain heavy metals and biocides, potentially driving antibiotic resistance co-selection.
  • Painted ship hulls may act as mobile reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate if heavy metal-based antifouling paints co-select for antibiotic resistance.
  • Identify the genetic mechanisms underlying this co-selection.

Main Methods:

  • Submerged painted panels in a marina to collect biofilms.
  • Metagenomic sequencing of biofilm DNA.
  • Culturing bacteria on selective media (heavy metals, antibiotics).

Main Results:

  • Painted surfaces showed reduced diversity and enriched Gammaproteobacteria.
  • Bacteria exhibited increased resistance to heavy metals and tetracycline.
  • Enrichment of chromosomal efflux pump genes conferring cross-resistance was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Heavy metal antifouling paint exerts selection pressure, co-selecting for specific antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
  • Cross-resistance mechanisms, not mobile resistance genes, were primarily enriched.
  • Increased DNA mobilization genes indicate potential for future horizontal gene transfer.