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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
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Hypoxia01:23

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
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There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture
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Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture

Published on: August 12, 2011

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Hypoxia, pseudohypoxia and cellular differentiation.

Sofie Mohlin1, Caroline Wigerup1, Annika Jögi1

  • 1Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

Experimental Cell Research
|March 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumor hypoxia and pseudohypoxia drive aggressive cancers by promoting stem cell-like traits. Targeting these oxygen-independent pathways offers promising therapeutic strategies for solid tumors.

Keywords:
Breast cancerCancer stem cellsDe-differentiationHypoxiaNeuroblastomaParagangliomaPheochromocytomaPseudo-hypoxia

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Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions
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Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Tumor hypoxia is linked to aggressive disease and stem cell-like phenotypes in neuroblastoma and breast cancer.
  • Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are key regulators of cellular response to oxygen levels.
  • Aberrant growth factor signaling can induce HIF expression independently of oxygen.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of HIF-2α in pseudohypoxia and its implications for tumor stem cells.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of targeting hypoxic and pseudohypoxic phenotypes in solid tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression in tumor cells and patient specimens.
  • Investigating HIF-2α stabilization and gene regulation under physiological oxygen conditions.
  • Correlating pseudohypoxia markers with germline mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia induces a de-differentiated, stem cell-like phenotype in tumor cells.
  • HIF-2α can be stabilized and induce gene expression at physiological oxygen, creating a pseudohypoxic state.
  • Pseudohypoxic tumor niches, characterized by HIF-2α expression, contain immature, potentially stem-like cells and are linked to tumorigenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Pseudohypoxia, driven by HIF-2α, contributes to tumor aggressiveness and stem cell characteristics.
  • The pseudohypoxic phenotype is tumorigenic and represents a viable therapeutic target in solid tumors.
  • Targeting both hypoxic and pseudohypoxic states holds promise for cancer treatment.