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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
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Fetal growth restriction: current knowledge.

Luciano Marcondes Machado Nardozza1, Ana Carolina Rabachini Caetano1, Ana Cristina Perez Zamarian1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Rua Belchior de Azevedo, 156 apto. 111 Torre Vitoria, São Paulo-SP, CEP 05089-030, Brazil.

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
|March 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) impacts 5-10% of pregnancies. Early FGR diagnosis is crucial for monitoring fetal status and minimizing risks like premature birth and hypoxia.

Keywords:
DopplerFetal growth restrictionManagementNeurological developmentPlacental insufficiencyPrediction

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Fetal growth restriction (FGR) affects 5-10% of pregnancies, being a leading cause of perinatal mortality.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on FGR, covering its causes, classification, prediction, diagnosis, management, and neurological sequelae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in understanding and managing fetal growth restriction (FGR).
  • To highlight the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate management strategies for FGR.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across major scientific databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase).
  • The search term used was "fetal growth restriction" to identify relevant studies.

Main Results:

  • FGR is classified as early (<32 weeks) or late (≥32 weeks), with distinct placental and cardiovascular adaptations.
  • Early FGR is linked to higher perinatal morbidity and mortality due to significant placental issues and hypoxia.
  • Late FGR has milder placental deficiencies, lower hypoxia, and reduced perinatal risks.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and Doppler ultrasound; no current treatments exist, making timing of delivery critical.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification of FGR is vital for determining etiology and enabling close fetal monitoring.
  • Timely diagnosis and management of FGR can significantly reduce the risks of premature birth and intrauterine hypoxia.