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Related Concept Videos

Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Test Cross01:39

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Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria
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Are CDI Systems Multicolored, Facultative, Helping Greenbeards?

Elizabeth S Danka1, Erin C Garcia2, Peggy A Cotter1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Trends in Microbiology
|March 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) in bacteria involves toxin delivery between cells. Recent findings reveal CDI also mediates cooperation, impacting bacterial communities and evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bacterial Interactions

Background:

  • Interactions between organisms, including bacteria, shape community composition and fitness.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for controlling microbial communities and studying social behavior evolution.
  • Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) was initially understood as a mechanism for interbacterial killing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI).
  • To discuss the implications of CDI-mediated interbacterial competition and cooperation.
  • To explore the role of Contact-dependent signaling (CDS) in bacterial interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent molecular and biological evidence on CDI systems.
  • Analysis of specificity in CDI toxin delivery and activity.
  • Examination of cooperative behaviors mediated by CDI system proteins.

Main Results:

  • CDI systems exhibit high specificity, restricting toxin delivery to the same bacterial strain.
  • CDI proteins can mediate cooperative behaviors among 'self' cells, termed Contact-dependent signaling (CDS).
  • CDI functions in both interbacterial competition and cooperation.

Conclusions:

  • CDI systems are more complex than initially thought, involving both competition and cooperation.
  • The dual role of CDI in competition and cooperation has significant implications for bacterial community dynamics.
  • Understanding CDI and CDS is vital for evolutionary biology and microbial control strategies.