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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

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Thyroid hormones in extreme longevity.

Sabrina Garasto¹, Alberto Montesanto², Andrea Corsonello¹

¹Unit of Geriatric Pharmacoepidemiology, Research Hospital of Cosenza, Italian National Research Centre on Aging (INRCA), 87100 Cosenza, Italy.

Mechanisms of Ageing and Development

|March 14, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones (THs) influence longevity by regulating metabolism and homeostasis. While a hypothyroid state may promote longevity, THs changes in older adults with chronic diseases require further investigation.

Keywords:

Age-related diseases Aging Centenarians Longevity Thyroid

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Gerontology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Longevity is influenced by complex biological pathways, including hormonal regulation.
Thyroid hormones (THs) are critical for metabolism, growth, and maintaining physiological functions.
Hormonal networks play a significant role in homeostasis and organismal survival.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and summarize current knowledge on the relationship between thyroid hormones and longevity.
To explore the impact of THs on aging processes and lifespan.
To evaluate the role of THs in adaptive mechanisms during aging and disease.

Main Methods:

Literature review of experimental and human studies.
Analysis of data from healthy subjects and centenarians.
Examination of THs changes in aging and disease contexts.

Main Results:

Experimental data suggest a hypothyroid state may promote longevity by reducing metabolic rate and oxidative stress.
Human studies in healthy individuals and centenarians appear to support the link between altered THs and longevity.
THs alterations in elderly patients with chronic diseases may not always represent adaptive mechanisms for survival.

Conclusions:

Thyroid hormone function is intricately linked to longevity and aging.
Further research is needed to understand the complex interplay between THs, aging, disease, and medication effects.
The adaptive significance of thyroid function changes in older adults with comorbidities remains to be fully elucidated.