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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites
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Integration site selection by retroviruses and transposable elements in eukaryotes.

Tania Sultana1, Alessia Zamborlini2,3, Gael Cristofari1

  • 1Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, 28 Ave de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex 02, France.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements and retroviruses integrate non-randomly into genomes. DNA sequence, chromatin, and cellular proteins guide these insertions, influencing genome evolution and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements and retroviruses are ubiquitous in genomes.
  • These elements can be pathogenic and are vital tools in gene delivery and functional genomics.
  • Understanding their integration preferences is key to various biological and medical fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the site-specificity of transposable element and retroviral integration.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms governing these integration preferences in eukaryotic genomes.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput sequencing for integration site profiling.
  • Large-scale genomic data mining.
  • Cellular and biochemical assays.

Main Results:

  • Integration of transposable elements and retroviruses is generally non-random.
  • DNA sequence, chromatin state, and nuclear environment influence integration site selection.
  • Cellular proteins play a cooperative role in guiding integration.

Conclusions:

  • Eukaryotic genomes exhibit diverse strategies for transposable element and retroviral integration.
  • These findings have implications for genome evolution, cancer, aging, and genome engineering.