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Related Concept Videos

Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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Initiation of Translation02:33

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation
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Screening the Molecular Framework Underlying Local Dendritic mRNA Translation.

Sanjeev V Namjoshi1, Kimberly F Raab-Graham2

  • 1Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, USA.

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
|March 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Big data techniques reveal how local protein synthesis strengthens neuronal circuits for learning and memory. This review details advances in analyzing molecular networks underlying synaptic plasticity.

Keywords:
KaedeRNA sequencingdendritesmRNAmass spectrometrysynaptic plasticitysynaptic tagging and capture hypothesistranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • High-throughput 'omics' data analysis has advanced understanding of molecular networks in synaptic plasticity.
  • Local messenger RNA (mRNA) translation is crucial for enduring synaptic changes and neuronal circuit strengthening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of big data techniques for analyzing molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.
  • To highlight the role of local protein synthesis in learning and memory.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of proteomics and transcriptomics data.
  • RNA sequencing and proteomics for identifying locally translated proteins.
  • Computational and statistical techniques for analyzing large datasets.
  • Methods for visualizing newly synthesized proteins.

Main Results:

  • Significant advancements in understanding molecular networks underlying synaptic efficacy.
  • Identification of numerous mRNAs involved in synaptic plasticity.
  • Challenges remain in visualizing and confirming local protein synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Big data approaches are essential for unraveling complex molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.
  • Further research is needed to validate the physiological relevance of identified locally synthesized proteins.