Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
Published on: May 25, 2018
CRISPR-Cas9: From a bacterial immune system to genome-edited human cells in clinical trials
Leonhard Kick1, Marion Kirchner1, Sabine Schneider1
1a Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Garching , Germany.
Abstract:
The adaptive bacterial immune system CRISPR-Cas is revolutionizing all fields of life science and has opened up new frontiers toward personalised medicine. Since the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes in 2012 and its development as a genomic engineering tool, genetic modifications in more than 40 species have been performed, over 290 patents have been filed worldwide and the first clinical trials using CRISPR-Cas-modified T-cells have recently been started in China and in the US. In this review we summarise current design developments, novel Cas systems and their antagonists, present and potential future applications as well as the ongoing debate on ethical issues, which has arisen through the CRISPR-Cas technology.
Related Concept Videos
CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing
CRISPR
CRISPR and crRNAs
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
What is Genetic Engineering?
Homologous Recombination

