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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
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Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

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Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...
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Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins01:21

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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Expression and Purification of the Human Lipid-sensitive Cation Channel TRPC3 for Structural Determination by Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy
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Expression and Purification of the Human Lipid-sensitive Cation Channel TRPC3 for Structural Determination by Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy

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The Crumbs3 Polarity Protein.

Ben Margolis1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5680.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|March 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Crumbs3, a key protein in mammalian epithelial cells, is vital for maintaining cell polarity and tissue structure. It also regulates cell growth by influencing the Hippo/Yap pathway.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Crumbs proteins are evolutionarily conserved apical transmembrane proteins.
  • Drosophila Crumbs is crucial for epithelial polarity in fly embryogenesis.
  • Mammals possess three Crumbs genes, with Crumbs3 being the predominant isoform in epithelial cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of mammalian Crumbs3.
  • To highlight Crumbs3's function beyond polarity, including tissue morphogenesis and growth control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Crumbs3 research.
  • Analysis of studies on Crumbs3's interaction with the actin cytoskeleton.
  • Examination of Crumbs3's role in the Hippo/Yap signaling pathway.

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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity
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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Expression and Purification of the Human Lipid-sensitive Cation Channel TRPC3 for Structural Determination by Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy
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Expression and Purification of the Human Lipid-sensitive Cation Channel TRPC3 for Structural Determination by Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy

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Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity
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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

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Main Results:

  • Crumbs3 is essential for maintaining epithelial polarity.
  • Crumbs3 acts as a crucial linker between the apical membrane and the actin cytoskeleton, influencing tissue morphogenesis.
  • Crumbs3 regulates cell growth through modulation of the Hippo/Yap pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Crumbs3 plays a significant role in mammalian epithelial cells, extending beyond polarity.
  • Its functions in tissue morphogenesis and growth control are critical for development and homeostasis.
  • Further research into Crumbs3's regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential is warranted.