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Related Concept Videos

Solubility03:00

Solubility

21.7K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
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Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

1.8K
When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...
1.8K
Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations

1.8K
Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
The first step is to identify all the chemical reactions involved, The...
1.8K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

4.2K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
4.2K
Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

59.0K
Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
59.0K
Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

36
The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs
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Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs

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Determination of aqueous solubility by heating and equilibration: A technical note.

Thorsteinn Loftsson1, Dagný Hreinsdôttir2

  • 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland. thorstlo@hi.is.

AAPS Pharmscitech
|March 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A modified shake-flask method determines drug solubility by heating to accelerate dissolution, then cooling and seeding to promote stable precipitation. This approach yields reliable solubility data for pharmaceutical compounds.

Keywords:
shake-flask methodsolubilitysolubility determination

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Accurate solubility determination is crucial for drug formulation and development.
  • Traditional methods can be time-consuming and may not account for supersaturation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a modified shake-flask method for efficient and reliable solubility determination.
  • To assess the solubility of various drugs and pharmaceutical excipients.

Main Methods:

  • A modified shake-flask solubility method was employed.
  • Equilibration time was reduced by incorporating a heating step.
  • Supersaturated solutions were generated and then seeded for precipitation.

Main Results:

  • The solubility of 48 different drugs and pharmaceutical excipients was determined.
  • The modified method proved reliable and reproducible.
  • Heating accelerated dissolution and seeding ensured precipitation of the stable form.

Conclusions:

  • The modified shake-flask method offers an efficient approach to determine drug and excipient solubility.
  • This technique provides reliable data for pharmaceutical research and development.
  • The method accounts for potential supersaturation, ensuring accurate solubility measurements.