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Human Contrast Acuity Variability.

Morris R Lattimore¹

¹Vision Performance and Protection Division, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road (Building 6901), Fort Rucker, AL 36362.

Military Medicine

|March 15, 2017

Summary

Standard vision tests like Snellen acuity are insufficient for predicting Army pilot performance. Incorporating contrast acuity metrics into flight physicals can better identify pilots with superior vision capabilities.

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Aerospace Medicine
Human Factors

Background:

Current Army vision standards, based on Snellen acuity, are inadequate for predicting individual pilot performance.
A significant number of aviation vision specialists advocate for integrating contrast acuity into flight physical examinations.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the utility of contrast acuity metrics in assessing Army aviator vision.
To determine if contrast acuity provides a better prediction of visual performance under operational conditions compared to traditional Snellen acuity.

Main Methods:

Assessed visual acuity in 223 Apache pilots under high and low illuminance conditions, with and without low contrast.
Collected data on spectacle and contact lens use, as well as the influence of aging on vision.

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Main Results:

High-contrast Snellen acuities were generally good (20/15-20/20), but low-contrast acuities showed a wide spread (20/25-20/125).
LogMAR analysis confirmed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between high- and low-contrast acuities, indicating a large, unanticipated variation.
Factors influencing low-light vision explained less than 30% of the observed variation.

Conclusions:

Snellen acuity measures target recognition, while contrast acuity measures threshold differences, both crucial for aviation.
Implementing prescreening with both Snellen and contrast acuity tests can help identify pilots with superior visual performance.
Future research will focus on the validity and predictability of contrast acuity in aviation vision assessments.