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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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RNA Stability01:53

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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RNA Methylation Clears the Way.

Cassandra Kontur1, Antonio Giraldez2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.

Developmental Cell
|March 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

During the maternal-to-zygotic transition, YTHDF2 protein aids in clearing maternal messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This discovery adds a new layer to understanding how cells control gene expression during early development.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Maternal mRNAs are crucial for early embryonic development following fertilization.
  • The maternal-to-zygotic transition involves the degradation of maternal transcripts and activation of the embryonic genome.
  • Existing pathways for maternal mRNA clearance are complex and interconnected.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of reader proteins in maternal mRNA decay.
  • To identify novel mechanisms controlling transcript fate during the maternal-to-zygotic transition.
  • To understand the function of YTHDF2 in early embryonic gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of YTHDF2 function in Xenopus laevis embryos.
  • Biochemical assays to assess mRNA binding and decay.
  • Quantitative PCR and Western blotting to measure transcript and protein levels.

Main Results:

  • YTHDF2 was identified as a key factor mediating maternal mRNA decay.
  • YTHDF2 binds to N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-modified maternal mRNAs.
  • Depletion of YTHDF2 leads to the accumulation of maternal mRNAs and delayed developmental reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • YTHDF2 acts as an m6A reader to promote the clearance of maternal mRNAs.
  • This mechanism provides an additional layer of post-transcriptional control during the maternal-to-zygotic transition.
  • YTHDF2-mediated mRNA decay is essential for proper developmental reprogramming in early embryos.