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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

4.5K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

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17.4K
Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
17.4K
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

7.8K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization
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Ohmic Heating: An Emerging Concept in Organic Synthesis.

Vera L M Silva1, Luis M N B F Santos2, Artur M S Silva1

  • 1Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Ohmic heating, a rapid thermal processing method, is emerging as a novel tool for organic synthesis. This advanced Joule heating technique offers potential for chemical reactions, with ongoing research exploring its applications and limitations.

Keywords:
energy efficiencyohmic heatingsustainable chemistrysynthetic methodswater chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ohmic heating, or direct Joule heating, is an advanced thermal processing technique.
  • Primarily utilized in the food industry for rapid heating, cooking, and sterilization.
  • Its application in organic synthesis and chemical reactor heating is a recent and developing field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the application of ohmic heating as a novel tool in organic synthesis.
  • To present the fundamental principles of ohmic heating.
  • To compare ohmic heating with conventional heating methods in organic synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of ohmic heating fundamentals.
  • Qualitative and quantitative comparison with other heating methods.
  • Description of an ohmic reactor prototype and its operation.
  • Presentation of recent laboratory-scale organic synthesis examples.

Main Results:

  • Ohmic heating demonstrates potential as an efficient method for organic synthesis.
  • Current research showcases laboratory-scale applications and provides insights into its capabilities.
  • The study outlines the advantages and limitations of using ohmic heating in chemical synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Ohmic heating presents a promising new avenue for chemical synthesis research.
  • Further investigation into its applications and implications is warranted.
  • This method has the potential to impact future research in chemical synthesis.