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Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
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Thiol-based copper handling by the copper chaperone Atox1.

Yuta Hatori1, Sachiye Inouye1, Reiko Akagi1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.

IUBMB Life
|March 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Human antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1) manages cellular copper. Its cysteine residues undergo reversible oxidation, linking copper homeostasis to the cell's redox state.

Keywords:
Atox1copper chaperonedisulfideglutathioneredox regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Redox Biology

Background:

  • Human antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1) is essential for cellular copper homeostasis.
  • Atox1 facilitates copper transfer to the trans-Golgi network for utilization by copper-dependent enzymes.
  • Copper chaperones, including Atox1, utilize cysteine thiols to coordinate copper.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the unique redox properties of Atox1 and other copper chaperones.
  • To summarize key redox nodes in the cytosol involved in copper chaperone regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on redox properties of copper chaperones.
  • Analysis of studies linking cysteine oxidation to copper homeostasis.

Main Results:

  • Atox1 and other copper chaperones exhibit reversible cysteine oxidation.
  • This oxidation links cellular redox state directly to copper homeostasis.
  • Specific cytosolic redox nodes are identified as key regulators.

Conclusions:

  • The redox state of copper chaperones is dynamically regulated.
  • Atox1's redox properties are central to maintaining cellular copper balance.
  • Understanding these redox mechanisms is crucial for cellular health.