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    Researchers created novel waveguide lasers in Tm:KLu(WO4)2 crystals using femtosecond laser writing. These lasers operate efficiently around 2 µm, demonstrating potential for advanced laser applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Monoclinic double tungstate crystals are promising laser gain media.
    • Thulium (Tm3+) doping enables laser operation in the ~2 µm spectral region.
    • Femtosecond laser writing is a versatile technique for fabricating optical waveguides.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To fabricate and characterize depressed-index channel waveguides in Tm:KLu(WO4)2 crystals.
    • To demonstrate continuous-wave (CW) and passively Q-switched laser operation.
    • To explore the potential of these waveguides for laser applications.

    Main Methods:

    • 3D direct femtosecond laser writing to create channel waveguides.
    • Fabrication of circular and photonic crystal cladding structures.
    • Characterization of waveguide properties and laser performance.
    • Passive Q-switching using single-walled carbon nanotubes.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved maximum CW output power of 46 mW at 1912 nm with 15.2% slope efficiency.
    • Demonstrated a low laser threshold of 21 mW.
    • Obtained stable 7 nJ/50 ns pulses at 1.48 MHz via passive Q-switching.

    Conclusions:

    • Successfully demonstrated the first ~2 µm waveguide lasers in monoclinic double tungstates fabricated by fs-laser writing.
    • The results show high efficiency and low threshold for CW operation.
    • The potential for developing advanced waveguide lasers doped with Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions is significant.