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Related Concept Videos

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

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Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
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Protection of Alcohols

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

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Introduction to Test of Independence

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In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values.
The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test:

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
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Related Experiment Videos

Does alcohol outlet density differ by area-level disadvantage in metropolitan Perth?

Sarah Foster¹, Paula Hooper¹, Matthew Knuiman²

¹Centre for the Built Environment and Health, School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health and School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.

Drug and Alcohol Review

|March 16, 2017

Summary

Disadvantaged areas in Perth have more alcohol licenses, especially for packaged liquor, potentially due to more retail presence. This study highlights concerning socio-economic gradients in alcohol outlet distribution.

Keywords:

Australia alcoholic beverages geographic information systems licensure vulnerable populations

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

Public Health
Urban Planning
Socioeconomic Determinants of Health

Background:

Research indicates a higher density of alcohol outlets in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas.
This disparity may be linked to the distribution of retail land uses, influenced by factors like rent.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the distribution of liquor licenses in Perth, Australia.
To determine if socioeconomic gradients exist in liquor license density.
To assess whether retail land-use discrepancies explain these gradients.

Main Methods:

Ecological study design using Perth, Australia as the setting.
Area disadvantage quantified using the Australian Bureau of Statistics Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for mapping license locations and negative binomial loglinear models for statistical analysis, controlling for demographics and spatial correlation.

Main Results:

A 15% reduction in general licenses and a 7% reduction in liquor stores per unit increase in disadvantage decile (indicating reduced disadvantage).
No socioeconomic gradient was observed when licenses were analyzed relative to retail destinations.
However, on-premise licenses per retail destination increased by 14% for every unit increase in disadvantage decile.

Conclusions:

The findings reveal a concerning socioeconomic gradient, with more packaged alcohol licenses in disadvantaged areas.
The over-representation of packaged liquor outlets in these areas may be associated with the higher density of retail destinations.
Further research is needed to understand the implications of these spatial disparities in alcohol outlet distribution.