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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Genomics of Multiple Myeloma.

Sebastien Robiou du Pont1, Alice Cleynen1, Charlotte Fontan1

  • 1Sebastien Robiou du Pont, Charlotte Fontan, Michel Attal, Jill Corre, and Hervé Avet-Loiseau, L'Institut Universitaire du Cancer Oncopole, Toulouse; Alice Cleynen, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; and Nikhil Munshi, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.

Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
|March 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Multiple myeloma (MM) exhibits significant genetic diversity. Recent whole-exome sequencing reveals frequent mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway alterations and subclonality, including mutations in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Multiple myeloma (MM) displays substantial heterogeneity in chromosomal and genetic alterations within tumor plasma cells.
  • Genetic classification of MM includes ploidy (hyperdiploidy vs. nonhyperdiploidy) and 14q32 translocations, with gene expression profiling studies yielding inconclusive subentity identification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic landscape of multiple myeloma using advanced sequencing techniques.
  • To identify novel genetic drivers and pathways implicated in MM heterogeneity and subclonality.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was employed to analyze the genetic makeup of MM tumor cells.
  • Analysis focused on identifying gene mutations, pathway alterations, and patterns of subclonality.

Main Results:

  • WES confirmed the genetic heterogeneity of MM, revealing numerous gene mutations without a single unifying mutation.
  • Frequent alterations were observed in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
  • All analyzed MM patients exhibited subclonality, with subclonal mutations identified in known driver genes such as KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple myeloma is characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity and frequent MAPK pathway alterations.
  • Subclonality is a common feature in MM, involving mutations in key driver genes, underscoring the complexity of MM evolution and treatment resistance.