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Related Concept Videos

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
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Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

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When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
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Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats
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Front interaction induces excitable behavior.

P Parra-Rivas1,2, M A Matías1, P Colet1

  • 1Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.

Physical Review. E
|March 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new mechanism for local transient excitations in spatially extended systems. It demonstrates how the coexistence of stable states and spatial coupling can create excitability without oscillatory dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Complex Systems
  • Nonlinear Dynamics
  • Theoretical Physics

Background:

  • Spatially extended systems can exhibit local transient excitations.
  • Existing mechanisms include local excitability and localized structure excitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an alternative mechanism for local transient excitations.
  • To explore excitability in systems without oscillatory regimes.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating systems with two coexisting homogeneous stable states.
  • Analyzing the effect of spatial coupling and perturbations.
  • Characterizing front dynamics and annihilation.

Main Results:

  • A threshold for perturbations of homogeneous states was identified.
  • Subthreshold perturbations decay exponentially.
  • Superthreshold perturbations generate long-lived structures with two fronts that mediate reinjection.

Conclusions:

  • A novel front-mediated mechanism for excitability in extended systems was demonstrated.
  • This mechanism enables excitability even in systems lacking oscillatory behavior.
  • Front interaction provides reinjection, distinct from limit cycle remnants.