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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Advances in understanding hypopituitarism.

Mareike R Stieg1, Ulrich Renner1, Günter K Stalla1

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany.

F1000Research
|March 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in hypopituitarism research highlight genetic mutations, vascular issues, and autoimmunity. New diagnostic tools like hair cortisol analysis are improving patient monitoring and understanding of pituitary gland dysfunction.

Keywords:
Sheehan`s syndromecombined pituitary hormone deficiencyhypopituitarismisolated growth hormone deficiencypost-traumatic hypopituitarismvascularization

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hypopituitarism understanding has advanced significantly in recent years.
  • Research has increasingly focused on the genetic underpinnings of pituitary dysfunction.
  • The review synthesizes key developments in hypopituitarism research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the most important recent findings in hypopituitarism.
  • To discuss novel insights into the causes and mechanisms of hypopituitarism.
  • To highlight advancements in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on hypopituitarism.
  • Analysis of genetic studies, including next-generation sequencing.
  • Examination of research on vascular, autoimmune, and drug-induced causes.

Main Results:

  • Identification of new genetic mutations causing congenital pituitary dysfunction.
  • Description of novel molecular mechanisms in pituitary development.
  • Discussion of controversial findings in post-traumatic hypopituitarism and the role of autoimmunity.
  • Emerging understanding of hypopituitarism as a side effect of new pharmaceuticals like ipilimumab.

Conclusions:

  • Genetics plays a crucial role in congenital hypopituitarism.
  • Vascular integrity and autoimmunity are increasingly recognized as contributing factors.
  • New diagnostic tools, such as hair cortisol analysis and growth hormone stimulants, show promise for improved patient management.