Pro-NP™ protect against TiO2 nanoparticle-induced phototoxicity in zebrafish model: exploring potential application...

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) are used in sunscreen products to protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet rays. However, following exposure to sunlight, the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂NPs can produce an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing skin cell damage, triggering an inflammatory response. In zebrafish model, we evaluated how well Pro-NP™ (biodegradable NPs containing superoxide dismutase and catalase) could protect them from TiO₂NP-induced photo-oxidative stress. We hypothesized that the antioxidant properties of Pro-NP™ would protect zebrafish embryos from the phototoxic effects of TiO₂NPs, improving overall survival and growth. Dechorionated embryos were treated with TiO₂NPs alone or co-treated with Pro-NP™, and then exposed to simulated sunlight. Pro-NP™ by itself caused no toxicity; however, for embryos exposed to 100 μg/ml TiO₂NPs, zebrafish survival was reduced to ∼40% and at 500 μg/ml to ∼10%. In contrast, at 100 μg/ml TiO₂NP, co-treatment with Pro-NP™ increased zebrafish survival in a dose-dependent manner. Co-treatment also improved percent of embryos hatching and resulted in normal growth of zebrafish. On the other hand, embryos treated with TiO₂NPs alone developed deformities, had reduced pigmentation, and showed severely truncated growth. Pro-NP™ afforded a greater level of protection against TiO₂NP-induced phototoxicity than other antioxidants (vitamin E or N-acetylcysteine) commonly used in topical skin care formulations. We conclude that Pro-NP™ exert significant protective effects against TiO₂NP-induced phototoxicity and could be developed as a safe, effective skin care product, used alone or in combination with sunscreen products to protect the skin from sun's UV radiation.