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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

737
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
737
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

517
Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme...
517
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

600
Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
600
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

496
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
496
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

664
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
664
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

1.0K
Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
1.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
08:08

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

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The Evolving Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension.

Michelle Foshat, Nahal Boroumand1

  • 1From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
|March 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Pulmonary hypertension is a complex disease with evolving classifications. Understanding its pathology, from clinical to molecular diagnostics, is key to personalized treatment strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Pulmonary hypertension (PH) understanding has dramatically advanced, shifting from a clinical view to incorporating pathology.
  • Progress in pathophysiology, histology, and molecular diagnostics has reshaped PH perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving etiology and pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
  • To demonstrate how pathological insights have influenced current PH classification systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of information presented at the 5 World Symposia on pulmonary hypertension (1973-2013).

Main Results:

  • PH is a heterogeneous condition, classified by clinical, hemodynamic, and histopathologic features.

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Induction and Characterization of Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice using the Hypoxia/SU5416 Model
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Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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Published on: May 11, 2015

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Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
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Induction and Characterization of Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice using the Hypoxia/SU5416 Model
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  • Classification evolved from separate clinical and pathological schemes to integrated systems.
  • Molecular diagnostics significantly advanced understanding of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

    • Conclusions:

    • Continued advances in imaging, pathogenicity, and biomarkers will allow phenotype-based classification.
    • Future developments will enable customized treatment strategies for pulmonary hypertension based on pathobiology.