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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Plane Surface01:04

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When a plane surface is submerged in a fluid, hydrostatic forces develop on the surface due to the fluid's pressure. For horizontal surfaces, the pressure exerted by the fluid is uniform because the depth remains constant. The resultant force is determined by the pressure at the given depth multiplied by the area of the surface, and it acts through the centroid of the surface. For vertical surfaces, the pressure varies with depth, increasing as the distance from the fluid's free surface...
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Surface Active Agents01:27

Surface Active Agents

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Surfactants, named for their behavior at interfaces, positively adsorb at the interfaces of two phases, reducing interfacial tension. Their versatility as emulsifiers, detergents, and foaming agents stems from this ability. Surfactants, often termed amphiphiles, share the property of amphipathy, with molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. The hydrophilic part is called the head, and the hydrophobic part, including an elongated alkyl substituent, forms the tail.Surfactants...
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Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Curved Surface01:04

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Hydrostatic pressure on curved surfaces is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics with broad applications in the civil engineering field. When fluid is in contact with a curved surface, as in a reservoir, dam, or storage tank, it exerts pressure that varies in magnitude and direction along the curved surface. To assess the total hydrostatic force exerted by the fluid on a curved structure, engineers typically isolate the fluid volume adjacent to the surface and analyze the forces acting on...
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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications
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Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

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Ice Surfaces.

Mary Jane Shultz1

  • 1Laboratory for Water and Surface Studies, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155;

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
|March 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hexagonal ice (Ih) is crucial but difficult to study. New methods allow reproducible preparation of single ice crystals, linking macroscopic structures to molecular configurations for better understanding of ice surfaces.

Keywords:
cubic iceelectron backscatter diffractionhexagonal icehydrogen bondingsingle crystalsum frequency generationsurface melting

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Materials science
  • Environmental science

Background:

  • Hexagonal ice (Ih) is a fundamental solid with wide-ranging impacts.
  • Studying Ih and its surfaces is challenging due to sample preparation difficulties.
  • Recent advances enable reproducible preparation of large single-crystal ice samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for preparing single-crystal ice samples.
  • To connect macroscopic ice structures with molecular configurations.
  • To explore ice surface interactions and properties.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of large single-crystal ice samples.
  • X-ray and electron scattering techniques.
  • Analysis of macroscopic structures (snowflakes, etch pits).

Main Results:

  • Established a link between macroscopic ice structure and molecular configuration.
  • Demonstrated reproducible preparation of specific ice faces.
  • Provided insights into ice surface phenomena like growth and vibrations.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced sample preparation facilitates fundamental studies of hexagonal ice.
  • Understanding ice surfaces is crucial for environmental and materials science.
  • Further research on ice surface properties, including the quasi-liquid layer, is warranted.