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Related Concept Videos

Adjusting a Traverse01:12

Adjusting a Traverse

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In the site survey of a four-sided traverse, internal angles are essential to ensure geometric accuracy. The survey revealed that the sum of the measured internal angles was 359 degrees and 48 minutes, which is 12 minutes less than the expected 360 degrees. This discrepancy signals an error likely arising from measurement inaccuracies during the fieldwork.To rectify this error, the adjustment process involved distributing the 12-minute shortfall equally across the four internal angles. By...
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Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves01:26

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Staking out curves is an essential process in construction to ensure the accurate alignment of structures along a curved path. This task involves positioning stakes at calculated locations corresponding to the curve's design, effectively translating plans into physical markers in the field. The process begins by determining the geometric parameters of the curve, including the radius, central angle, and tangent distances. These parameters are critical for identifying key points such as the...
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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Electrical Transport01:29

Electrical Transport

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The electrical transport property of a material is defined by its resistance and conductivity. Resistance is the measure of a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current, while conductivity gauges its ability to allow the current to pass through, depending on the geometry of the measurement cell, such as electrode spacing and area. Conductivity is measured in Siemens (S). There are different types of conductance, including specific conductance, equivalent conductance, and molar...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
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A Different Path for Harnessing TRAIL

    Cancer Discovery
    |March 18, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can paradoxically promote tumor growth by triggering cytokine release and activating NF-κB. Inhibiting the adaptor protein FADD reduced lung tumor formation in mice.

    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • The protein TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is known for its role in inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis).
    • However, emerging evidence suggests complex roles for TRAIL beyond apoptosis, particularly in the tumor microenvironment.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the dual role of TRAIL in cancer, specifically its potential to promote tumor growth.
    • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which TRAIL influences tumor progression.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of signaling pathways activated by TRAIL, including the formation of specific protein complexes.
    • Assessment of cytokine release in response to TRAIL stimulation.
    • Evaluation of tumor development in mouse models with genetic modifications affecting TRAIL signaling components.

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    Main Results:

    • TRAIL was found to induce the release of cytokines that actively promote tumor growth.
    • TRAIL triggers the formation of a signaling complex that leads to the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB.
    • Reducing the levels of the adaptor protein FADD, a key component of the TRAIL-induced signaling complex, resulted in a significant decrease in lung tumor incidence in mice.

    Conclusions:

    • TRAIL exhibits a pro-tumorigenic function by stimulating growth-promoting cytokines and activating NF-κB signaling.
    • The adaptor protein FADD is critical for TRAIL-mediated tumor promotion, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target.