Morphogenetic movements and segmentation of posterior egg fragmentsin vitro : Calliphora erythrocephala meig.,...

Eggs ofCalliphora were operated (I) at the undifferentiated blastoderm stage, (II) after blastoderm differentiation and in the stages showing border furrows and the beginnings of gastrulation, and (III) during forward extension of the posterior germ band region along the dorsal egg surface. The operation consisted of cutting off up to 1/3 of the egg anteriorly and removing the posterior egg fragment from the vitelline membrane for culture in a hanging drop. As control experiments for the "explanted" egg fragments, anteriorly pricked eggs and corresponding posterior fragments not removed from the vitelline membrane were cultured in hanging drops. Different technical prerequisites for the sterile culture ofCalliphora embryo fragmentsin vitro were tested. Development of the living embryo fragments was followed, and representative embryos fixed and microscopically examined for comparison with normally developing embryos. In explants I cell formation in the blastoderm did not reach completion and the blastoderm nuclei did not divide further. Slight contractions of parts of the preblastoderm did occur, but no morphogenetic movements. -In control fragments cell formation mostly proceeded further, but gastrulation was abortive except in large fragments. In explants II, irregular immigration of mesoderm cells was possible in fragments explanted before mesoderm groove initiation, but the explants did not develop further. Invagination of mesoderm through a groove, followed by segmentation of the germ band and some differentiation, was possible only in explants operated after initiation of groove formation. The germ band did not extend antero-dorsally, but became folded laterally, these folds foreshadowing the intersegmental boundaries formed later. Organogenesis and histological differentiation were in many respects abnormal. - In contrast, mesoderm invagination and initiation of germ band extension were possiblein control fragments operated before mesoderm groove initiation, although abnormalities in gastrulation were common. Explants III, despite cessation of germ band extension after explantation, often underwent further development resulting in histologically differentiated partial embryos, showing various abnormalities in organogenesis. The dorso-lateral furrows often persisted until segmentation and may correspond to primitive intersegmental furrows. The hind-gut and part of the posterior mid-gut-rudiment often evaginated during germ band contraction. Only when avitelline membrane was present did the germ band continue to extend antero-dorsally and, although this extension was rarely complete, further development with normal organogenesis and histological differentiation took place.Of the three germ layers, the ectoderm most closely approached normal differentiation in both explants and control fragments, with differentiation of nerve ganglia, tracheae, salivary glands, and a hind-gut epithelium with Malpighian tubules. Differentiation of the mesoderm in the explants was confined to muscle fibres situated near the ganglia. The endoderm remained undifferentiated in explants but formed a mid-gut epithelium in some control fragments, when splanchnic mesoderm was also present.The bearings of these results on morphogenetic problems in the insect egg is discussed.