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Related Concept Videos

Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors
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Differentiation in the mouse morulae.

Luis Izquierdo1, Maria Elena Ortiz1

  • 1Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.

Wilhelm Roux'S Archives of Developmental Biology
|March 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Mouse morula differentiation is influenced by blastomere position and cell cycle timing. Alkaline phosphatase activity, indicating inner cell mass development, appears linked to cell cycle progression rather than solely cell number or position.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Blastomere position in mouse morulae has been proposed as a key factor in differentiation, with central cells forming the inner cell mass and peripheral cells the trophoblast.
  • Alkaline phosphatase activity is a known marker for inner cell mass differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of blastomere position versus cell cycle timing in mouse morula differentiation using a cytochemical method.
  • To determine if alkaline phosphatase activity correlates with cell number, cell position, or cell cycle progression.

Main Methods:

  • Adaptation of the Gomori-Takamatsu method to demonstrate alkaline phosphatase activity in mouse morulae.
  • Development of a physical model to estimate the number of cells required for complete enclosure.

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  • In vitro culture of halved and fused mouse embryos to analyze enzyme activity at different cell stages.

    • Main Results:

    • Alkaline phosphatase activity, indicative of inner cell mass differentiation, was observed in embryos exceeding a theoretical 17-cell threshold based on position alone.
    • Enzyme activity was detected in halved embryos from the 11-cell stage and in fused embryos from the 22-cell stage, decoupling it from simple cell number.
    • Results suggest that the number of cell cycles, or a related temporal factor, plays a crucial role alongside spatial position in differentiation.

    Conclusions:

    • Blastomere position alone is insufficient to explain mouse morula differentiation.
    • Cell cycle progression, or an associated temporal cue, interacts with spatial positioning to drive differentiation into inner cell mass and trophoblast lineages.