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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Gastrulation01:56

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Generation of Naïve Blastoderm Explants from Zebrafish Embryos
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Neural-inducing activity of newly mesodermalized ectoderm.

Akio S Suzuki1, Yumiko Yoshimura1, Yoko Yano1

  • 1Department of Biology, Faculty of General Education, Kumamoto University, 860, Kumamoto, Japan.

Roux'S Archives of Developmental Biology : the Official Organ of the EDBO
|March 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Artificially mesodermalized ectoderm can induce neural tissue formation. This neural induction occurs even in early gastrula ectoderm that has lost its neural competence, suggesting a link to mesodermalization processes.

Keywords:
Amphibian embryoMesodermalizationNeural induction

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Differentiation
  • Embryogenesis

Background:

  • Ectoderm is the outermost germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system.
  • Neural competence, the ability of ectoderm to differentiate into neural tissue, is time-limited during gastrulation.
  • The signaling mechanisms underlying neural induction are crucial for understanding early embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural-inducing capacity of ectoderm that has undergone artificial mesodermalization.
  • To determine if mesodermalized ectoderm can induce neural differentiation in competent and non-competent ectoderm.
  • To explore the relationship between the process of mesodermalization and neural induction activity.

Main Methods:

  • Early ectoderm from Cynops gastrula was artificially mesodermalized via contact with Carassius swimbladder.
  • The mesodermalized ectoderm was then combined with ectoderm isolated from different developmental stages of gastrulae.
  • Neural differentiation in the combined explants was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Neural differentiation was observed in approximately 50% of the experimental combinants.
  • Induction occurred even when mesodermalized ectoderm was combined with 18-hour ectoderm, which typically loses neural competence by 6 hours.
  • This demonstrates that mesodermalized ectoderm retains neural-inducing activity.

Conclusions:

  • Artificially mesodermalized ectoderm possesses significant neural-inducing activity.
  • This activity can override the loss of neural competence in older ectoderm.
  • The neural-inducing capacity of mesodermalized cells appears closely linked to the early stages of their mesodermalization.