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Related Concept Videos

Pollination and Flower Structure02:40

Pollination and Flower Structure

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Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are the vegetative flower organs. Stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs.  
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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Radio Frequency Identification and Motion-sensitive Video Efficiently Automate Recording of Unrewarded Choice Behavior by Bumblebees
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Insect preference for symmetrical artificial flowers.

A P Møller1, G Sorci1

  • 1Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS URA 258, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bât. A, 7ème étage, 7 quai St. Bernard, Case 237, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Fax: (+33) 1 44 27 35 16; e-mail: AMOLLER@HALL.SNV.JUSSIEU.FR, , , , , , FR.

Oecologia
|March 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insects show a clear preference for symmetrical flower models, even when artificial and lacking natural rewards. This suggests an inherent insect attraction to symmetry, influencing floral evolution.

Keywords:
Fluctuating asymmetryKey words Developmental stabilityPlant sexual selectionPollinator rewards

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Floral symmetry is hypothesized to influence pollinator attraction and plant reproductive success.
  • Two main hypotheses exist: plants with symmetrical flowers offer greater rewards, or insects possess an innate preference for symmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate insect preference for floral symmetry in the absence of pollinator rewards.
  • To determine if insects exhibit an inherent attraction to symmetrical flower structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized artificial, non-naturalistic circular flower models varying in size and symmetry.
  • Observed insect visitation patterns (Diptera, Coleoptera) to symmetrical versus asymmetrical models.

Main Results:

  • Insects significantly preferred symmetrical flower models over asymmetrical ones.
  • Visitation rankings indicated a preference for large, symmetrical models.
  • This preference was observed even without natural floral cues or rewards.

Conclusions:

  • Insect preference for symmetrical flower models provides evidence for an inherent attraction to symmetry.
  • This innate preference may drive the selection for floral symmetry in plants, independent of reward provisioning.