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Related Concept Videos

Competition02:34

Competition

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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors—including food resources, climate, and terrain—that define the position of a given organism are collectively referred to as the organism’s ecological niche.
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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores
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Asymmetric competition between plant species.

J Connolly1,2, P Wayne3

  • 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA. john.connolly@ucd.ie.

Oecologia
|March 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies asymmetric competition between plant species, finding that Poa annua

Keywords:
Asymmetric competitionInterspecific competitionPoa annuaRelative emergence timeStellaria media

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Plant Biology
  • Community Ecology

Background:

  • Plant size significantly influences competition, yet quantifying asymmetric competition between species remains challenging.
  • Asymmetric competition occurs when one species is more affected by the interaction than the other.
  • Understanding interspecific competition is crucial for plant community organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate a novel index for quantifying asymmetric interspecific competition at the population level.
  • To assess competitive asymmetry between Stellaria media and Poa annua, two common annuals.
  • To determine if seedling size differences influence competitive interactions.

Main Methods:

  • An experiment manipulated density, frequency, and seedling size of Stellaria media and Poa annua.
  • Relative growth rate (RGR) was measured over 22 days.
  • An inverse linear model with an asymmetry coefficient (β) was used to analyze competitive effects.

Main Results:

  • The model effectively described interactions between Stellaria media and Poa annua.
  • Poa annua exhibited asymmetric competition against Stellaria media (β = 0.508, P<0.05).
  • Stellaria media showed symmetric competition against Poa annua (β = 0.0001, NS).

Conclusions:

  • Interspecific competitive effects can be asymmetric, influenced by factors like shoot architecture and resource competition (light vs. soil).
  • The findings support the proposed index for measuring competitive asymmetry.
  • This research has implications for plant competition theories and community structure models.