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Is atmospheric CO2 a selective agent on model C3 annuals?

J K Ward1, J Antonovics2, R B Thomas3

  • 1Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, , , , , , US.

Oecologia
|March 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Evolutionary adaptation to changing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is crucial for C3 plants. Studies show that plants evolved under low CO2 (Pleistocene) produced more biomass than predicted, while adaptation to high CO2 may alter development without increasing biomass.

Keywords:
Carbon dioxideEvolutionKey words  Arabidopsis thalianaReproductionSelection

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Science
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Climate Change Research

Background:

  • Atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) fluctuated historically and is projected to rise significantly.
  • Previous research on C3 plant responses to pCO2 changes often overlooked evolutionary adaptation.
  • Understanding plant evolution under varying pCO2 is key for predicting future carbon sequestration and past plant function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary responses of C3 annuals to past (Pleistocene) and future projected atmospheric CO2 levels.
  • To determine if CO2 acts as a selective agent influencing fitness components like seed number, biomass, and development rate.
  • To predict the potential for evolutionary adaptation in C3 plants under different CO2 scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • A selection experiment using *Arabidopsis thaliana* to select for high seed number at low (20 Pa) and high (70 Pa) pCO2.
  • Growth and reciprocal transplant experiments to assess the impact of selection on biomass, development rate, and reproductive success.
  • Analysis of changes in life cycle duration, flowering time, and senescence patterns.

Main Results:

  • *Arabidopsis thaliana* showed significant adaptation to selection for high seed number under both low and high pCO2.
  • Plants selected under low CO2 exhibited enhanced performance and increased biomass (35% average) compared to controls when grown at low pCO2.
  • Selection at high CO2 led to developmental changes, including earlier flowering and senescence, but did not significantly increase seed production or biomass.
  • Low CO2 acted as a selective agent, favoring individuals with traits suited to lower atmospheric carbon conditions.

Conclusions:

  • C3 annuals may have achieved greater biomass under low Pleistocene pCO2 than previously estimated due to evolutionary adaptation.
  • Evolutionary responses to future high pCO2 may involve developmental shifts rather than enhanced biomass production.
  • CO2 can act as a significant selective pressure on C3 annuals, driving evolutionary changes in development and carbon accumulation that single-generation studies cannot predict.