Spontaneous, field tested and tethered flight in healthy and infected Magicicada septendecim L

Flight capabilities of healthy and fungus infected Magicicada septendecim L. (Homoptera: Cicadidae) were compared using 3 complementary techniques: 1) observations of spontaneous flights, 2) field-tested flights, and 3) tethered flights in which endurance was measured. Spontaneous flight distances are much lower than those obtained on field tested fliers. While healthy individuals flew significantly greater distances than did individuals bearing conidia or resting spores of the fungus, Massospora cicadina Peck, the two groups-healthy versus conidia and resting spores pooled-did not differ in flight speed or flight endurance. The magnitude of each of the 3 flight indicators is much lower than those of most dispersing insects, suggesting that this periodical cicada species is a relatively poor disperser.Nevertheless, and contrary to the results of one published study, cicadas flew long distances in single flights, also they often took many flights. Our data help to explain how periodical cicadas can invade new, sometimes distant, habitat each generation. Since infected individuals have both the speed and the endurance of healthy individuals, we conclude that the conspicuous absence of the fungus from early successional, manmade, and second growth habitat is due either to the inability of resting spores of this fungus to survive in recently plowed or fertilized soils or to an intrinsic aversion to flight of infected individuals.