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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot
Published on: January 7, 2019
The analysis of contact sampling data
Piet de Jong1, Lonnie W Aarssen2, Roy Turkington2
1Computing Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T. 1W5, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
Abstract:
Use of the chi-square statistic for investigating interspecific association has been incorrectly applied to the contact sampling method because of an invalid probability argument. The usual method of calculating expected frequencies leads to a large overestimation and hence bias towards negative association. A correct method of analysis is presented and discussed.
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