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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Competition02:34

Competition

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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Hybrid Zones02:29

Hybrid Zones

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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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Intraspecific interference among larvae in a semivoltine dragonfly population.

P H Crowley1, P M Dillon1, D M Johnson2

  • 1T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, 40506, Lexington, KY, USA.

Oecologia
|March 18, 2017
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Larval dragonfly size influences competition. Larger dragonflies inhibit smaller ones through interference mortality, affecting population density and making effects hard to detect.

Keywords:
BenthosCannibalismCompetitionField experimentOdonataPredation

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Population Dynamics

Background:

  • Intraspecific competition is crucial for population dynamics.
  • Size-dependent interactions can significantly impact community structure and function.
  • Aquatic arthropod predators exhibit complex competitive behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how size distribution of dragonflies (Tetragoneuria cynosura) affects competitive interactions.
  • To differentiate between feeding interference, interference mortality, and dispersal effects.
  • To understand the role of larval size classes in population regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Three field experiments and one laboratory experiment were conducted.
  • Colonization patterns of different larval size classes were monitored.
  • In-situ functional responses and interference mortality were quantified.

Main Results:

  • Passive colonization by small larvae was observed initially.
  • High densities of large larvae inhibited colonization by small larvae.
  • Small larvae exhibited reduced movement (dispersal inhibition) when with larger conspecifics.
  • Interference mortality, particularly on larger small larvae, was evident.
  • Large larvae showed feeding interference among themselves.

Conclusions:

  • Inhibition of small larvae is likely due to interference mortality, not dispersal.
  • Colonization and interference interact to determine local larval density.
  • Size-dependent interference effects are complex and challenging to detect experimentally.