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Sub-lethal plant defences: the paradox remains.

S R Leather1, P J Walsh1

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Summary

Pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) larvae grew better on better quality lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) hosts. However, faster growth led to higher predation, indicating slow herbivore growth doesn't always mean higher predator vulnerability.

Keywords:
Host qualityLarval developmentNatural enemiesPanolis flammeaPinus contorta

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Entomology
  • Forestry

Background:

  • Host plant quality significantly influences herbivore performance and survival.
  • Predator-prey dynamics are crucial in regulating insect populations within forest ecosystems.
  • Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seed origin impacts its suitability as a host for insects like the pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of host plant quality on pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) larval growth and survival.
  • To determine the influence of invertebrate predation on pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) populations feeding on different lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) origins.
  • To assess the relationship between herbivore growth rate and vulnerability to predation.

Main Methods:

  • Infesting lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) trees of two different seed origins (Alaskan - poor quality, south coastal - good quality) with known numbers of pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) eggs.
  • Utilizing paired sleeves on each tree: one open to invertebrate predators, the other predator-excluded.
  • Assessing surviving larvae numbers, weights, and developmental stages after sleeve removal.

Main Results:

  • Larvae on south coastal lodgepole pine (SLP) were heavier with better survival in the absence of predators compared to Alaskan lodgepole pine (ALP).
  • In the presence of predators, larvae on SLP were still heavier, but survival was greater on ALP.
  • Predation pressure was higher on the faster-developing larvae feeding on the better quality host (SLP).

Conclusions:

  • Host plant quality affects herbivore growth, but predator-prey interactions can override this.
  • Faster herbivore development on a high-quality host does not necessarily equate to increased vulnerability to predators.
  • Predation rates are influenced by a complex interplay between herbivore growth and host plant suitability.