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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues
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Herbivore deme formation on individual trees: a test case.

Neil S Cobb1, Thomas G Whitham1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 86011, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.

Oecologia
|March 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The deme-formation hypothesis was tested in pinyon pines and scale insects. Experiments found no local adaptation to individual trees, suggesting adaptation may occur on a larger geographic scale.

Keywords:
Deme formationFine-scale adaptationHost plant resistanceMatsucoccus acalyptusPinus edulis

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Sessile herbivores may adapt to individual host trees, a concept known as deme-formation.
  • Pinyon pines (Pinus edulis) exhibit resistance variation to pinyon pine needle scale (Matsucoccus acalyptus).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the deme-formation hypothesis in the pinyon pine and scale insect system.
  • To investigate local adaptation of scale insects to individual pinyon pine defensive phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Reciprocal transfer experiments were conducted with scale insect populations.
  • A seven-year experiment monitored mortality of newly founded and established scale populations.
  • Resistance of individual pinyon pines to scale insects was quantified.

Main Results:

  • Individual pinyon pines showed a five-fold increase in resistance to the scale insect.
  • No significant differences in scale insect mortality were found among populations in reciprocal transfers.
  • Mortality rates for newly founded and established scale populations were similar over seven years.

Conclusions:

  • The study rejected the deme-formation hypothesis at the scale of individual trees.
  • Significant variation in tree resistance traits was observed in the pinyon pine population.
  • Deme-formation may occur on a larger geographic scale than previously proposed.