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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
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Integration of mRNP formation and export.

Petra Björk1, Lars Wieslander2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|March 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Gene expression involves intricate RNA processing and export. Newly transcribed RNA forms dynamic complexes, undergoing maturation and recruitment of export factors before nuclear pore transport.

Keywords:
Cell nucleusExport receptorsGene expressionNuclear pore complexNucleocytoplasmic exportPolyadenylationPre-mRNA processingSplicingmRNAmRNP assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Eukaryotic gene expression requires complex molecular machinery for RNA processing and export.
  • Transcription generates precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) that are processed into mature messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes within the nucleus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the integrated nuclear processes involved in the formation and export of messenger RNA-protein (mRNP) complexes.
  • To highlight the dynamic nature of pre-mRNPs and their maturation pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on eukaryotic gene expression, RNA processing, and nuclear export.
  • Integration of findings on the molecular players and mechanisms involved.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic pre-mRNPs incorporate transcripts, proteins, and processing machinery.
  • Post-transcriptional modifications and protein marks are crucial for mRNP fate.
  • Mature mRNPs recruit export receptors like NXF1 for nuclear pore complex interaction.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear processes are tightly integrated for efficient mRNP formation and export.
  • Compositional and conformational changes occur during mRNP export.
  • Understanding these pathways is key to comprehending gene expression regulation.