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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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MODY Calculator and Clinical Features Routinely Used to Distinguish MODY From Type 2 Diabetes in Adults Perform Poorly for Youth Clinically Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes.

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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
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Precision diabetes: learning from monogenic diabetes.

Andrew T Hattersley1, Kashyap A Patel2

  • 1The Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK. A.T.Hattersley@exeter.ac.uk.

Diabetologia
|March 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Precision medicine, or precision diabetes, has succeeded in monogenic diabetes by using genetic subtypes for tailored treatments. Applying this to type 2 diabetes requires simple clinical data stratification for effective, accessible patient care.

Keywords:
GCKHNF1AHNF4AKCNJ11MODYMaturity onset diabetes of the youngMonogenic diabetesNeonatal diabetesPrecision diabetesPrecision medicineReviewType 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Personalized Medicine

Background:

  • Precision medicine tailors treatments to individual patient characteristics.
  • This approach has shown significant success in monogenic diabetes subtypes like MODY and neonatal diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the success factors of precision medicine in monogenic diabetes.
  • To explore implications and strategies for implementing precision medicine in type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic and clinical data in monogenic diabetes.
  • Analysis of diagnostic tools and implementation strategies for precision diabetes.
  • Comparison of genetic complexity between monogenic and type 2 diabetes.

Main Results:

  • Monogenic diabetes subtypes are defined by molecular genetics, enabling precise treatment and prediction of clinical features.
  • Neonatal diabetes implementation was rapid due to simple clinical criteria; MODY was more complex but aided by diagnostic tools.
  • Type 2 diabetes presents challenges due to polygenic susceptibility and overlapping etiologies, hindering discrete subtype definition.

Conclusions:

  • Successful precision diabetes approaches in type 2 diabetes necessitate simple, accessible stratification using routine clinical data.
  • Leveraging existing clinical data from practice and trials can facilitate early adoption of precision medicine in type 2 diabetes.