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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Epigenetic memory and cell fate reprogramming in plants.

Kenneth D Birnbaum1, François Roudier2

  • 1Center for Genomics and Systems Biology New York University 12 Waverly Place, New York NY 10003 USA.

Regeneration (Oxford, England)
|March 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Plant cells can regenerate, but epigenetic memory might block this. Research explores if this memory barrier must be erased for successful plant regeneration from adult tissues.

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DNA methylationcellular reprogrammingchromatin remodelingepigenetic memoryplantspolycomb group complexregeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Plants possess remarkable regenerative capabilities from adult tissues.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial for maintaining cell identity and tissue structure.
  • The role of epigenetic memory in limiting plant regeneration remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether epigenetic memory acts as a barrier to cell fate reprogramming during plant regeneration.
  • To understand the interplay between chromatin dynamics and cell plasticity in differentiated plant cells.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of chromatin dynamics during plant cell differentiation.
  • Investigating gene expression patterns in meristematic and differentiated tissues.
  • Assessing the potential for epigenetic memory erasure in plant regeneration.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin dynamics influence gene expression in meristems.
  • Epigenetic constraints on cell fate are established late in differentiation.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying plant cell plasticity are not fully elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic memory may present a challenge for plant regeneration.
  • Further research is needed to determine if erasing epigenetic memory or utilizing specialized cells is key to plant plasticity.