Increased Adipose and Muscle Insulin Sensitivity Without Changes in Serum Adiponectin in Young Female Collegiate...

Effects of endurance training on adipose insulin sensitivity in association with body composition, circulating adipokines, and markers of inflammation have been studied less in young Asian subjects.

Adipose insulin sensitivity/resistance was compared between 170 female Japanese collegiate athletes and 311 nonathletes (18-24 years), who underwent measurements of serum adipokines, markers of insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Two separate subsamples of two groups of women underwent either a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test or a standardized meal test, but not both.

As compared with nonathletes, athletes, characterized by higher skeletal muscle mass and lower percentage of body fat (both P < 0.001), had lower adipose insulin resistance (IR) (a product of fasting insulin and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and lower leptin/adiponectin ratio (both P < 0.001). Although athletes had lower postmeal/postglucose insulinemia (P = 0.009 and 0.01, respectively), the two groups did not differ in postmeal percentage NEFA suppression and postmeal/postglucose glycemia, suggesting increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, respectively. Serum leptin (P < 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.01) were lower in athletes, whereas adiponectin and homeostasis model assessment IR did not differ.

Endurance training was associated with increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue as well as skeletal muscle without changes in circulating adiponectin even in young, normal-weight Japanese women.