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Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

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Duck virus enteritis (duck plague) - a comprehensive update.

Kuldeep Dhama¹, Naveen Kumar², Mani Saminathan¹

¹a Division of Pathology , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India.

The Veterinary Quarterly

|March 22, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Duck virus enteritis (DVE) is a fatal avian disease caused by duck enteritis virus (DEV). This review covers DVE

Keywords:

Duck virus enteritis control diagnosis duck plague epidemiology prevention vaccine

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Virology
Avian Pathology
Disease Epidemiology

Background:

Duck virus enteritis (DVE), or duck plague, is a highly contagious and fatal disease affecting ducks, geese, and swans.
It is caused by the duck enteritis virus (DEV), an Anatid herpesvirus-1 belonging to the Mardivirus genus.
DVE has a global distribution, with migratory waterfowl significantly contributing to its spread.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of duck enteritis virus (DEV) and the disease it causes, duck virus enteritis (DVE).
To summarize current knowledge on DVE epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations.
To highlight recent advancements in DVE diagnosis, prevention, and control strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of existing scientific literature on duck virus enteritis (DVE) and duck enteritis virus (DEV).
Synthesis of information regarding disease characteristics, diagnostic methods, and prophylactic measures.
Analysis of epidemiological data, transmission routes, and pathogenesis.

Main Results:

DVE is characterized by sudden death, vascular damage, hemorrhage, and lesions in multiple organs.
Economic losses are substantial due to high morbidity and mortality rates, reduced egg production, and hatchability.
Current diagnostic methods include clinical signs, histopathology, virus isolation, serological, and molecular tests.
Vaccination strategies involve live-attenuated and killed vaccines, with ongoing research into recombinant subunit and DNA vaccines.

Conclusions:

Effective prevention and control of DVE require integrated strategies encompassing biosecurity, early diagnosis, and vaccination.
Further research into novel vaccine technologies and antiviral therapies is crucial for managing DEV.
Understanding transmission dynamics, including the role of wild waterfowl, is essential for disease containment.