Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

9.6K
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
9.6K
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

17.5K
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
17.5K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

17.6K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
17.6K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

16.8K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
16.8K
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

85.0K
Overview
85.0K
Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

16.3K
Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
16.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Gut microbial composition modulates food-specific CD4 <sup>+</sup> T cells in food allergy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Guidelines for T cell nomenclature.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2025
Same author

Foreign epitope-specific regulatory T cells respond robustly to vaccination and limit Th1 differentiation by conventional T cells specific for the same epitope.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2025
Same author

Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells promote monocyte recruitment and differentiation into glycolytic lung macrophages to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

PLoS pathogens·2025
Same author

Rabies vaccination induces a CD4+ TEM and CD4+CD8+ TEMRA TH1 phenotype in dogs.

PloS one·2025
Same author

A minority of Th1 and Tfh effector cells express survival genes shared by memory cell progeny that require IL-7 or TCR signaling to persist.

Cell reports·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
09:35

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

Published on: April 20, 2021

7.3K

Do Memory B Cells Form Secondary Germinal Centers? It Depends.

Kathryn A Pape1, Marc K Jenkins1

  • 1Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|March 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The memory B-cell pool is diverse, with different cells generating antibody-secreting plasmablasts or new germinal center (GC) cells. Differentiation state and antigen antibody levels control which cells are produced.

More Related Videos

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

7.5K
Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers
10:07

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Published on: April 9, 2014

10.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
09:35

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

Published on: April 20, 2021

7.3K
Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

7.5K
Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers
10:07

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Published on: April 9, 2014

10.6K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The memory B-cell pool, crucial for adaptive immunity, exhibits greater heterogeneity than previously understood.
  • Different memory B-cell subsets possess distinct potentials for generating antibody-secreting plasmablasts or germinal center (GC) cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors controlling the differentiation pathways of memory B cells.
  • To understand how memory B-cell heterogeneity influences secondary immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of memory B-cell populations.
  • Assessment of differentiation states and antigen-specific antibody levels.

Main Results:

  • Memory B cells are not uniform and can differentiate into distinct cell types.
  • The differentiation fate of memory B cells is influenced by their current state and the surrounding antibody environment.

Conclusions:

  • Memory B-cell differentiation into plasmablasts or GC cells is regulated by intrinsic factors and extrinsic antigen availability.
  • This regulatory mechanism allows for fine-tuning of the secondary immune response based on pathogen exposure history.