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Experimental evidence that parasites drive eco-evolutionary feedbacks.

Franziska S Brunner1, Jaime M Anaya-Rojas2,3, Blake Matthews2

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Summary

Parasites alter how fish populations affect their ecosystems, influencing future generations. This study shows how host resistance to parasites drives eco-evolutionary feedbacks in lake and stream sticklebacks.

Keywords:
Gyrodactyluseco-evolutionary dynamicseutrophicationhost–parasite interactionthree-spined stickleback

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Host resistance to parasites is a dynamic trait influencing ecosystem modification.
  • Eco-evolutionary feedbacks occur when ecosystem effects impact subsequent host generations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how parasite exposure affects host-ecosystem interactions and eco-evolutionary feedbacks.
  • To compare lake and stream three-spined sticklebacks' resistance and ecosystem effects under varying nutrient conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Mesocosm experiment with lake and stream stickleback populations exposed to Gyrodactylus parasites.
  • Analysis of host gene expression, ecosystem properties (zooplankton, nutrient cycling), and subsequent generation's survival and condition.

Main Results:

  • Stream sticklebacks exhibited higher parasite resistance and distinct gene expression compared to lake sticklebacks.
  • Differential host-parasite interactions led to contrasting ecosystem modifications by each population.
  • Ecosystem changes influenced the survival, body condition, and gene expression of the next fish generation.

Conclusions:

  • Parasites significantly modulate host-driven ecosystem effects, altering eco-evolutionary feedbacks.
  • Host-parasite dynamics and host-ecosystem interactions operate on overlapping timescales.
  • Experimental evidence demonstrates parasites' role in shaping eco-evolutionary processes.