Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children
Published on: April 29, 2013
Evaluation of cardiac murmurs in children
1Department of Pediatric, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Conclusion:
Cardiac murmur is a common finding. The murmurs are the most common reason for detection of cardiac disease in children. They are divided into systolic, diastolic and continuous types. Careful evaluation of the murmur and other associated findings will often result in making a reasonably correct diagnosis. Occasional use of noninvasive and invasive studies is necessary for accurate diagnosis. However, these studies may often be required for quantitation and prior to surgical intervention.
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
Heart Sounds
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...
Assessment of apical pulse
Assessing the apical pulse is a critical nursing procedure, particularly indicated for:
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.
Special considerations while measuring pulse