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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

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Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
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Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition01:27

Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition

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Parenteral Nutrition (PN) delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. It is commonly used for individuals with severe digestive disorders or conditions that prevent normal nutrient absorption.
PN can be administered through two primary routes:
1. Central Parenteral Nutrition (CPN):
CPN involves delivering a high concentration of nutrients through a large vein. This is typically achieved using a Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) or,...
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Enteral Nutrition II: Nasointestinal and Gastrostomy Feeding01:15

Enteral Nutrition II: Nasointestinal and Gastrostomy Feeding

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Enteral nutrition encompasses various methods of delivering nutrition directly to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, bypassing traditional oral intake. It is particularly beneficial for patients who cannot eat by mouth but have a functioning digestive system. Key methods include nasointestinal feeding, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy, each suited to different clinical scenarios based on the patient's needs and condition.
Nasointestinal Feeding
Nasointestinal feeding involves placing a tube...
1.3K
Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

558
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
558
Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

1.5K
The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Evaluation of Blood Lactate and Plasma Insulin During High-intensity Exercise by Antecubital Vein Catheterization
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Evaluation of Blood Lactate and Plasma Insulin During High-intensity Exercise by Antecubital Vein Catheterization

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Periodized Nutrition for Athletes.

Asker E Jeukendrup1

  • 1School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK. a.e.jeukendrup@lboro.ac.uk.

Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
|March 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Periodized nutrition strategically combines exercise and nutrition to enhance athletic performance. This review defines nutritional training and explores methods beyond muscle adaptation, including gut training and hydration strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Nutrition
  • Nutritional Biochemistry

Background:

  • Exercise adaptations can be modulated by nutrition.
  • Most research focuses on skeletal muscle, neglecting other adaptations like brain and gut function.
  • Optimizing training adaptations requires a holistic approach considering various physiological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define periodized nutrition (nutritional training) and its scope.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of available nutritional training methods.
  • To emphasize adaptations beyond skeletal muscle, such as gut and hydration tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on periodized nutrition strategies.
  • Categorization of methods including 'training low,' 'training high,' and 'training the gut.'

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  • Discussion of training with altered carbohydrate availability and hydration status.

    • Main Results:

    • Periodized nutrition integrates exercise and nutrition for performance adaptations.
    • 'Training low' shows signaling benefits but limited performance effects.
    • Methods like gut training and hypohydration training are emerging but require more research.

    Conclusions:

    • Periodized nutrition is a strategic combination of exercise and nutrition to support performance.
    • Evidence varies for different methods; some lack robust scientific backing.
    • Individualized application and further research are needed to optimize nutritional training strategies.