Ultrahigh Self-Sensing Performance of Geopolymer Nanocomposites via Unique Interface Engineering

Monitoring and assessment of the health of a civil structural material are the critical requirements to ensure its safety and durability. In this work, a coating strategy on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was employed for the dispersion of CNTs in geopolymer matrix. The geopolymer nanocomposites prepared exhibited ultrahigh self-sensing performance based on the unique behaviors of SiO₂ coating on CNTs in the geopolymer matrix. The SiO₂ layer on CNTs was partially or fully removed during the fabrication process to restore the conductive nature of CNTs, facilitating the dispersion of CNTs and forming well-connected 3D electrical conductive networks. The gauge factor (GF) of geopolymer nanocomposites reached up to 663.3 and 724.6, under compressive and flexural loading, respectively, with the addition of only 0.25 vol % of SiO₂-coated CNTs (SiO₂-CNTs). The values were at least twice higher than those recently reported self-sensing structural materials containing different types of carbon-based fillers. The underlying mechanisms on the electrical signal change with respect to ionic conduction and electronic conduction were explored and correlated to the self-sensing performance. Additionally, the uniform dispersion of CNTs and good interaction between CNTs and geopolymer matrix contributed to the improvement in flexural and compressive strengths.