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Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....

Somatosensation

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

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Published on: January 22, 2018

Relationships Between Morphologic and Functional Patterns in the Polymicrogyric Cortex.

Matteo Lenge¹, Carmen Barba¹, Domenico Montanaro²

¹Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

|March 24, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Polymicrogyria, a brain malformation, shows altered cortical folding linked to reduced brain function. This study quantifies these changes, aiding surgical planning for epilepsy patients.

Keywords:

cortical development cortical thickness fMRI gyrification index polymicrogyria

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Polymicrogyria is a cortical malformation affecting brain development and function.
It presents with varied cognitive and neurological symptoms.
Existing qualitative MRI assessments lack detailed morphofunctional correlation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between abnormal cortical folding and function in polymicrogyria.
To quantitatively assess anatomical disruption and its impact on cortical function.
To improve surgical planning for polymicrogyria-associated intractable epilepsy.

Main Methods:

Structural and functional MRI in 14 perisylvian polymicrogyria patients and 30 controls.
Surface-based analysis of cortical thickness (CT) and local gyrification index (LGI).
Correlation of morphometric measurements with functional activation patterns.

Main Results:

Morphometric measurements correlated well with visual MRI analysis.
LGI maps showed maximal alterations with a decreasing gradient.
Functional activation in preserved polymicrogyric areas was reduced in extent.
A specific LGI threshold (z = -1.09) was identified, below which functional activation was undetectable.

Conclusions:

Quantitative MRI analysis effectively characterizes polymicrogyria's anatomical disruption.
Abnormal cortical folding significantly impacts cortical function.
These findings provide a basis for improved surgical planning in epilepsy patients with polymicrogyria.