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Related Concept Videos

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

14.3K
Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

5.8K
Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

10.1K
Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
10.1K
Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

6.4K
The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
6.4K
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

17.8K
Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Related Experiment Videos

Osteochondroma causing cervical spinal cord compression.

Ryunosuke Fukushi1, Makoto Emori2, Noriyuki Iesato2

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1 W16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan. ryunosuke_fukushi_521@yahoo.co.jp.

Skeletal Radiology
|March 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Spinal osteochondromas are rare benign bone tumors. This case highlights a rare instance of cervical osteochondroma causing myelopathy in a child, emphasizing the need for MRI monitoring.

Keywords:
Cartilage capCervical spineOsteochondroma

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Osteochondromas are common benign bone tumors, typically affecting long bone metaphyses in adolescents.
  • Spinal osteochondromas are rare, and symptomatic myelopathy secondary to these tumors is exceptionally uncommon.

Observation:

  • An 8-year-old girl presented with myelopathy attributed to a cervical osteochondroma.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a cartilage cap extending into the spinal canal.

Findings:

  • The cervical osteochondroma compressed the spinal cord, leading to myelopathy.
  • The presence of a cartilage cap on MRI is a critical indicator of potential spinal canal extension.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of vigilant follow-up for spinal osteochondromas until skeletal maturity.
  • Early detection of spinal canal involvement via MRI can prevent severe neurologic dysfunction.