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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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Exploring MicroRNAs on NIX-Dependent Mitophagy.

Wen Li1,2, Hao Chen1,2, Shupeng Li1,2

  • 1Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac-cerebral Vascular Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs regulate autophagy, a key cellular process. This study details microRNA control over NIX, a mitophagy receptor, offering insights into disease mechanisms.

Keywords:
AutophagyBNIP3LLC3MicroRNAsMitophagyNIX

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Autophagy dysregulation is linked to various diseases like cancer, aging, and neurodegeneration.
  • Autophagy is a tightly regulated cellular process controlled at transcriptional and translational levels.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly recognized as crucial regulators of the autophagy pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in microRNA-mediated regulation of autophagy.
  • To specifically focus on the role of microRNAs in regulating the mitophagy receptor NIX.
  • To outline methodologies for studying microRNA regulation of NIX in detail.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of microRNA and autophagy research.
  • Focus on specific studies investigating microRNA interactions with NIX.
  • Description of experimental approaches for studying miRNA-target interactions and mitophagy.

Main Results:

  • MicroRNAs play a significant role in modulating autophagy.
  • NIX, a key mitophagy receptor, is a target of microRNA regulation.
  • Detailed methodologies are presented for further research in this area.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNA regulation of autophagy, particularly NIX, is a critical area of study.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can provide insights into pathological conditions.
  • The presented methodologies will aid future research on miRNA-NIX interactions and mitophagy.