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In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
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The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...
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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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Surface Layer Evolution on Graphite During Electrochemical Sodium-tetraglyme Co-intercalation.

Julia Maibach1, Fabian Jeschull1, Daniel Brandell1

  • 1Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers investigated the surface layer evolution on ternary graphite intercalation compounds (t-GICs) for sodium ion batteries. A surface layer composed of salt decomposition products and hydrocarbons was found, impacting Coulombic efficiency.

Keywords:
Na-ion batteriesNaFSITEG-DMEether-based electrolytesgraphitephotoelectron spectroscopypolyacrylic acidsolid electrolyte interphase

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) face challenges with anode material development.
  • Graphite, a common lithium-ion battery anode, can store sodium ions using ether-based electrolytes.
  • This process forms ternary graphite intercalation compounds (t-GICs) via solvent co-intercalation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the surface layer evolution on t-GICs during electrochemical cycling.
  • To understand the interfacial reactions affecting sodium storage in graphite anodes.
  • To correlate surface layer formation with battery performance.

Main Methods:

  • Soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (sXPS) was employed for high surface sensitivity analysis.
  • Graphite composite electrodes were cycled in Na half cells.
  • A 1 M sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide/tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (NaFSI/TEG-DME) electrolyte was used.

Main Results:

  • A surface layer was identified on cycled graphite electrodes.
  • This layer primarily consists of salt decomposition products and hydrocarbons.
  • The surface layer formation correlates with observed irreversible capacity losses.

Conclusions:

  • The formed surface layer affects the efficiency of solvent co-intercalation in t-GICs.
  • While not completely blocking intercalation, the layer reduces the overall Coulombic efficiency of the SIB system.
  • Further research is needed to mitigate surface layer formation and improve SIB performance.